HowGenderandStereotypesCanShapeOurRelationshipwithDogs人們對(duì)狗狗的性別偏見(jiàn),對(duì)人寵關(guān)系有何影響?壹心理翻譯社◎榮譽(yù)出品原作|PaulMcGreevy,FionaProbyn-Rapsey翻譯|魏琦夢(mèng)校編|搬那度注:為方便具有英文閱讀習(xí)慣和需求的讀者,我們?cè)谧g文發(fā)" />
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導(dǎo)讀">HowGenderandStereotypesCanShapeOurRelationshipwithDogs人們對(duì)狗狗的性別偏見(jiàn),對(duì)人寵關(guān)系有何影響?壹心理翻譯社◎榮譽(yù)出品原作|PaulMcGreevy,FionaProbyn-Rapsey翻譯|魏琦夢(mèng)校編|搬那度注:為方便具有英文閱讀習(xí)慣和需求的讀者,我們?cè)谧g文發(fā)...
人們對(duì)狗狗的性別偏見(jiàn),對(duì)人寵關(guān)系有何影響?
Therelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirdogscanbealastingandlovingbondifthematchisright.Butwhenacquiringadog,howdoyouknowifthatmatchwillbeagoodone?
只有主人和狗狗互相適合,人類(lèi)和汪星人的關(guān)系才會(huì)長(zhǎng)久、充滿(mǎn)愛(ài)。那么,選擇新狗狗的時(shí)候,怎么才能知道自己和那個(gè)它合不合適呢?
Researchshowsthereisadifferenceinthewaysomedogsreacttomenandwomen,anditcanalsomatterifthedogisaheorashe.
Thechallengeliesinunderstandingtheinteractionsofdogswithhumans.Andpartofthatchallengecanbeinfluencedbygenderstereotypesofbothhumansanddogs.
性別為什么會(huì)影響人狗之間的互動(dòng)呢?人類(lèi)對(duì)這壹點(diǎn)的理解尚未透徹;更糟的是,我們對(duì)于人和狗的性別成見(jiàn),都會(huì)在壹定程度上妨礙我們形成正確的理解。
Thisshowswhymatchingdogstopeopleisfarmorecomplicatedthanwemightpredict.
所以,給鏟屎官和汪星人牽線(xiàn),比我們想象中困難得多。
Humanshavebeenco-evolvingwithdogsforthousandsofyears.Weowethemalot,including(perhapssurprisingly)thewaysinwhichweexperienceandexpressgenderviaanimals.
比如說(shuō),我們會(huì)通過(guò)動(dòng)物來(lái)體會(huì)和表達(dá)自己對(duì)性別的理解(這壹點(diǎn)也許會(huì)讓壹些人感到驚訝)。
Thisoftenhappensinnegativeways,suchaswhenwomenarereferredtoasbitches,cows,pigs,birds,chicksandmenaswolves,pigs,rats.Noneoftheseanimalmetaphorshavemuchtodowiththeanimalsthemselvesbutmoretodowithhowweusecategoriesofanimalstocategorisehumans.
但是,這方面的理解經(jīng)常帶有歧視意味。舉個(gè)例子:中國(guó)人可能會(huì)用“蛇蝎心腸”來(lái)形容女人,用“狼心狗肺”來(lái)形容男人。而歪果仁也壹樣:他們有時(shí)候會(huì)把女人稱(chēng)為母狗、牛、豬、鳥(niǎo)、小雞,把男人稱(chēng)作狼、豬、鼠……
當(dāng)然,這些動(dòng)物的名字成為歧視性比喻,和動(dòng)物本身并沒(méi)有多大關(guān)系。我們使用這類(lèi)稱(chēng)呼,其實(shí)是在用我們對(duì)動(dòng)物的成見(jiàn)對(duì)人進(jìn)行分類(lèi)。
Sounpackingandchallenginggenderstereotypesmightjustalsoimprovethelivesofanimalstoo.
A2006landmarkanalysisofgenderanddogownershiprevealedthatownersusetheirdogsaspropstodisplaytheirowngenderidentities.
壹項(xiàng)2006年澳大利亞的里程碑式研究發(fā)現(xiàn),
Participantsinthisstudyconsideredfemaledogstobelessaggressivebutmoremoodythanapparentlymoreplayfulmaledogs.Theyusedgenderstereotypesnotonlytoselectdogs,butalsotodescribeandpredicttheirdog'sbehaviourandpersonality.
這項(xiàng)研究的參與者認(rèn)為,母狗攻擊性較低、比公狗更情緒化,而公狗則比母狗更貪玩。此外,參與者在選擇寵物狗以及描述和預(yù)測(cè)狗狗的行為和性格時(shí),都會(huì)受到性別成見(jiàn)的影響。
Thepotentialramificationsofthisareimportantbecausesuchflawedpredictionsaboutdogbehaviourcanleadtoapersongivingupontheirdog,whichisthensurrenderedtoashelter.
但是,性別成見(jiàn)可能會(huì)給狗狗帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重后果:如果狗主人出于成見(jiàn)而錯(cuò)誤地預(yù)測(cè)狗狗的行為,狗主人可能會(huì)因此而把狗狗遺棄……
而此時(shí)它們的命運(yùn),也只有被送交收容所。
Oncesurrendered,anaggressivebitchoruncooperativedogfacesagrimfuture,withmostdogswhofailabehaviouralassessmentbeingkilled,addingtothetroublingeuthanasiaratesinAustralia.
壹到了收容所,有攻擊性的母狗或者不樂(lè)意配合的狗狗前途便會(huì)更灰暗,因?yàn)榇蟛糠中袨闇y(cè)試不合格的狗狗會(huì)被安樂(lè)掉。在澳大利亞,這種現(xiàn)象導(dǎo)致動(dòng)物安樂(lè)死率持續(xù)增加,實(shí)在令人不安。
Thatsaid,thepredictivepowerofbehaviourassessmentinsheltersisbeingquestioned.Somesaytheabilityofsuchassessmentstoreliablypredictproblematicbehavioursinfutureadoptivehomesis"vanishinglyunlikely".Moreover,theassessmentsarelikelytobeinformedbythegenderedexpectationsandbehavioursofthehumanswhoassess,surrenderoradopt.
至于這樣的行為測(cè)試準(zhǔn)不準(zhǔn),目前仍有待商榷。壹些學(xué)者表示,這種測(cè)試“極不可能”準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)狗狗被收養(yǎng)后是否表現(xiàn)出問(wèn)題行為。更何況,狗狗的評(píng)估員、遺棄者和收養(yǎng)者的性別成見(jiàn)和行為,都會(huì)影響測(cè)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
AsmallstudyintheUKin1999observed30dogsinshelterswhenapproachedbyunfamiliarmenandwomen.Itfoundthatthefemaledogsspentlesstimelookingtowardsallthehumansthanthemaledogsdid.
1999年在英國(guó)進(jìn)行的壹項(xiàng)小型研究觀察了30只收容所狗狗被陌生男女接近時(shí)的反應(yīng)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),母狗望著所有人的時(shí)間比公狗要短。
Allthedogsbarkedatandlookedtowardsthewomenlessthanthemen,whichtheresearcherssuggestshowsthatgenderofthepotentialadopterplaysaroleindeterminingwhatagoodmatchmightlooklike,aswellasthelikelihoodofadoption.
Eventhebondthatdogssharewiththeirprimarycare-givermayhavegenderdifferences.Forexample,ina2008Australianstudy,dogownersreportedthatmaledogsshowedelevatedlevelsofseparation-relateddistresscomparedtofemaledogs.Theyalsoreportedthatseparation-relateddistressandfood-relatedaggressionincreasedwiththenumberofhumanadultfemalesinthehousehold.
Desexing,whichismorethanjustifiedbytheanimalwelfarebenefitsofpopulationcontrol,alsocomplicatesculturalbeliefsaboutappropriatedoggenderandmayeveninfluenceadog'sproblem-solvingbehaviour.Arecentstudypublishedthisyearsuggeststhatdesexingmayhaveamorenegativeeffectonfemalethanmaledogswhenitcomestoaspectsofcognition.
此外,有些寵物主人也會(huì)為狗狗進(jìn)行絕育。進(jìn)行絕育能幫助控制犬只數(shù)量,從而有利于動(dòng)物福利,所以絕對(duì)是合情合理的做法。但是,絕育不僅會(huì)影響人們對(duì)壹只狗的“正確性別”的文化成見(jiàn),還會(huì)影響狗狗解決問(wèn)題的行為。今年發(fā)表的壹項(xiàng)研究指出,絕育對(duì)母狗智力的負(fù)面影響,可能比公狗來(lái)得大。
Astudypublishedlastmonth,thatfocusedsolelyonworkingsheepdogsandtheirhandlers(andsomayhavelimitedrelevancetodomesticcompaniondogs),isthefirstreportofbehaviouraldifferencesrelatedtogenderdifferenceinbothdogsandhumans.
上個(gè)月發(fā)表的壹項(xiàng)研究,首次報(bào)告了人狗性別差異和行為差異之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。但是,由于這項(xiàng)研究只針對(duì)工作牧羊犬和其管理者,其研究結(jié)果可能不適用于寵物犬。
Thesestudiesunderlinejusthowmuchthelivesofdogsdependuponhowtheyconformtogenderexpectations.Inotherwords,it'snotjusthowwehumansinteractwithdogsthatmatters,it'showourgendersinteractaswell.
Whileweknowhowdamagingstereotypescanbeforhumans,dogownersmaynotconsiderjusthowtheirconceptualbaggageofgenderstereotypesaffectstheanimalstheylivewith.
我們都知道,成見(jiàn)會(huì)對(duì)他人造成傷害。但是鏟屎官們未必知道,性別成見(jiàn)會(huì)形成包袱,是會(huì)影響同住他們屋檐下的動(dòng)物的。
Moreresearchcanhelptoshedlightontherolethatgenderplayswhenitcomestomakingagoodmatchbetweenhumansandtheirdogs;andbygoodmatch,wemeanonethatwillresultinadecreaseinthelikelihoodofthedogbeingsurrenderedtoashelterortreatedbadly.
如果要深入了解性別和人狗匹配度的關(guān)系,我們還需要更多的研究。這壹點(diǎn)非常重要,因?yàn)槿绻斯废嗷テヅ?,這只狗被送入收容所或者不被善待的可能性就會(huì)降低。
Thetake-homemessagefromthesestudiesisthat,tobetrulysuccessfulmutualcompanions,dogsdon'tneedjustanyhuman,theyneedacomplimentaryhumanwhoisopentoreflectingcriticallyongenderstereotypes.
歸根結(jié)底,這些研究的重點(diǎn)就是:
而這個(gè)人,也必須能夠帶著批判性態(tài)度反省自己的性別成見(jiàn)。
Thankspartlytoanuncriticaladoptionofgenderstereotypes,thematchingofdogandhumaniscurrentlyrudimentaryatbest.Soweshouldnotbesurprisedifdogsoftenfailtomeetourexpectations.
但現(xiàn)在,這方面的批判性思維還是缺失的。人類(lèi)毫不過(guò)問(wèn)地就采取性別成見(jiàn),已在壹定程度上導(dǎo)致人狗之間的配對(duì)過(guò)程變得挺粗糙的。所以說(shuō),如果狗狗的表現(xiàn)沒(méi)能符合養(yǎng)育者的期待,也沒(méi)什么奇怪的。
Whenrelationshipsgowrong,it'scatastrophicfordogs,becauseitcontributestoeuthanasiaratesinshelters.Thesedeathsneedtobebetterunderstoodasabroaderfailureofhumanunderstandingabouthowtheirownbeliefsandbehaviouraffectthedogsintheirlives.
家養(yǎng)汪星人的生活往往是圍繞著人類(lèi)打轉(zhuǎn)。所以,當(dāng)人與狗的關(guān)系惡化的時(shí)候,這對(duì)狗狗來(lái)說(shuō)便是災(zāi)難性的,因?yàn)楦喙饭窌?huì)因此而被遺棄在收容所,甚至遭到安樂(lè)死。
所以,別再冤枉狗狗了!不管男汪女汪,也都可以是好狗狗!